1965 War (2nd Kashmir War); 1999 Kargil War; 2002 Military Standoff

India and Pakistan had fought in 1965 and 1999 skirmishes for gaining control on Land of Kashmir, but both of them could not  decide Fate of Kashmir and dispute remained unsolved; during Musharraf-Vajpayee rein in 2001-2002(Operation Parakram) a great military standoff was seen and both countries mobilized massive military forces in Kashmir region, and a threat of nuclear war was widespread out. But the standoff resulted in negotiations and removal of forces from Jammu & Kashmir "LoC".

Indo-Pakistan War 1965

Also known as 2nd kashmir war ; The 1965 war was the biggest tank war after 2nd world war  the war was fought by the countries' land forces in Kashmir and along the International Border between India and Pakistan. This war saw the largest amassing of troops in Kashmir since the Partition of British India in 1947, a number that was overshadowed only during the 2001–2002 military standoff between India and Pakistan. Most of the battles were fought by opposing infantry and armoured units, with substantial backing from air forces, and naval operations.
The war ended in Victory of Pakistan but left heavy casualties and loses on both sides.

1999 Kargil Conflict

The Kargil War also known as the Kargil conflict, was an armed conflict between India and Pakistan that took place between May and July 1999 in the Kargil district of Kashmir and elsewhere along theLine of Control (LOC). The conflict is also referred to as Operation Vijay which was the name of the Indian operation to clear the Kargil sector.

The cause of the war was the infiltration of Pakistani soldiers and Kashmiri militants into positions on the Indian side of the LOC,which serves as the de facto border between the two states. During the initial stages of the war, Pakistan blamed the fighting entirely on independent Kashmiri insurgents, but documents left behind by casualties and later statements by Pakistan's Prime Minister and Chief of Army Staff showed involvement of Pakistani paramilitary forces, led by General Ashraf Rashid. The Indian Army, later on supported by the Indian Air Force, recaptured a majority of the positions on the Indian side of the LOC infiltrated by the Pakistani troops and militants. With international diplomatic opposition, the Pakistani forces withdrew from the remaining Indian positions along the LOC.

The war is one of the most recent examples of high altitude warfare in mountainous terrain, which posed significant logistical problems for the combating sides. To date, it is also the only instance of direct, conventional warfare between nuclear states.

Kargil Sector And Positions of Mujahideen

Bueatiful Landescape of strategically important Kargil Town 

2001-2002 Military Standoff

The 2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff was a military standoff between India and Pakistan that resulted in the massing of troops on  either side of the International Border (IB) and along the Line of Control (LoC) in the region of Kashmir. This was the second major military standoff between India and Pakistan following the successful detonation of nuclear devices by both countries in 1998 and the most recent standoff between the nuclear rivals. The other had been the Kargil War in 1999.

The military build up was initiated by India responding to a terrorist attack on the Indian Parliament on 13 December 2001 (during which twelve people, including the five men who attacked the building, were killed) and Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly on 1 October 2001.  India claimed that the attacks were carried out by two Pakistan based Terrorist groups fighting Indian rule in Kashmir, Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammad, both of whom India has said are backed by Pakistan's intelligence ISI  a charge that Pakistan denied. In the Western media, coverage of the standoff focused on the possibility of a nuclear war between the two countries and the implications of the potential conflict on the United States-led War on Terrorism in Afghanistan. Tensions de-escalated following international diplomatic mediation which resulted in the October 2002 withdrawal of Indian and Pakistani troops  from the international border. But still India suffered 1,874 casualties without fighting a war. The number of Army personnel killed or wounded in Jammu and Kashmir and the western sector during the mobilisation, Operation Parakram, from December 19, 2001 to October 16, 2002, was 1,874. Both countries also saw heavy financial loses, The Indian cost for the buildup was 216 billion (US$3.3 billion) and that of Pakistan was $1.4 billion.